Which PIWI grape varieties are there and how does PIWI wine taste?
Haven't for a long time Insider tip in the wine world more, the PIWIs come out of their shadowy existence.
There are now a large number of new varieties that produce very different wines with their own character and aroma profiles. The journey of discovery is exciting and full of new taste experiences.
Here we collect information about the PIWI vines for you. The requirements are becoming more and more extensive, which is why the database is currently being realigned. Please be patient. You can of course already get a small overview.
You will get a first impression of the new site and the new informationhere
Note: Most of the content in EN IT and FR is automatically translated by Google!
Sensory description The wines are light, fresh, with good color intensity, more suitable for quick consumption, Primeur type. The fragrance is mainly characterized by fruit notes.
Variety characteristics Polygenic resistance to Oidium and Peronospera. Sprouting and harvesting comparable to Gamay and Grenache. Sugar content and acidity at full maturity 10-20% lower than control varieties.
Cabernet Sauvignon X (Merzling X (Zarya Severa X St. Laurent))
Synonyms:
FR 455-83 r / 1983
Origin:
State Wine Institute Freiburg, Germany
Sensory description fruity, intense color, rich in extract and phenol
Variety characteristics -Expulsion: with leaves of Pinot Noir - flowering time: with leaves of Pinot Noir - grape development / closing: with leaves of Pinot Noir - coloring: shortly before leaves of Pinot Noir - harvest maturity: a few days before leaves of Spätbg. -Pero. Firmness: very good -Oidium firmness: good -Ristling: medium -Stile paralysis: small -Trope size: medium -Berry size / density: medium / low -Yield level: 45 - 55 kg / a -Most weight: like sheet. Spätburgunder rot content: very low
Sensory description Wine production in small quantities is quite delicate because of its sensitivity to oxidation. Bianca can deliver an appealing wine. The bouquet is similar to the Chasselas. In the body with good maturity fully and harmoniously, typically in the area of the Pinot Blanc. In some cases, however, Bianca shows a somewhat exotic touch.
Variety characteristics The variety claims a good location. The growth is strong and upright. Resistance to powdery mildew and downy mildew as well as rot is mostly good; in case of strong infection pressure, powdery mildew resistance can be broken. The grapes are medium in size, sometimes small and loose. The yield is often small. If the blooming conditions are bad, the Bianca can trickle completely. The potential natural alcohol content is between 11 and 12.5 percent by volume. The acid ratios are good.
Variety characteristics Birstaler Muskat is a table grape variety. It is a new breed from 1986 between Seyval Blanc × Bacchus from Switzerland; The breeder of this cross is Valentin Blattner from Soyhières in the Canton of Jura. Due to the share of Seyval Blanc, the Birstaler nutmeg belongs to the hybrid vine family. The vine stock in Switzerland is 0.48 hectares (as of 2007, source: Office fédéral de l'agriculture OFAG [1]) The Réselle grape comes from the same breeding series. The name comes from the Birs (French: La Birse), a 73 km long tributary of the Rhine in the Swiss Jura Mountains. Its growth is strong and upright. It ripens from late August to September. It impresses with a very long harvest time, which is made possible by looseness. Due to the loose berries, the berries dry quickly and are less susceptible to fungal diseases. The grapes are medium-sized and loose-grained. They are yellow-green in color and mostly round in shape. Their taste can be described as a fine nutmeg taste. The vines have a very good tolerance to powdery mildew and downy mildew and a good hardiness. The berries shrink like a raisin when overripe. Birstaler nutmeg belongs to the hybrid vine family. It has hermaphrodite flowers and is therefore self-fruiting. The economic disadvantage of not having to grow yielding male plants is avoided in viticulture.
Variety characteristics Loose grapes with hard berry skin, good resistance to mushrooms. good frost resistance. The wine has very fine aromas similar to Blaufränkisch.
Variety characteristics Loose grapes with hard berry skin, good resistance to mushrooms. good frost resistance. The wine has very fine aromas similar to Blaufränkisch.
Variety characteristics Loose grapes with hard berry skin, good resistance to mushrooms. good frost resistance. The wine has very fine aromas similar to Blaufränkisch.
Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking Nococherkassk
Variety characteristics Russian variety with the name Cvetocnyj (Zwetotschny), is a white wine variety. The wines have a strong nutmeg aroma that is reminiscent of flower blossoms. The 'blossom muscat' delivers fuller and luscious wines than the muscatel and is also suitable for making sweet wine. Due to its good resistance to fungi, the variety is one of the PiWi varieties.
Sensory description substantial, strong, fruity, similarity to Pinot Blanc, note the yield level for quality!
Variety characteristics -Drop-out: approx. 1 week before standard varieties -Blooming time: approx. 1 week before standard varieties -Trop development / closing: a few days before Pinot Gris-Softening: 7 days after white and Gray-burgundy-Harvest maturity: 7-10 days after Pinot Blanc -Pero.-Strength: very high -Oidium-strength: very high -Ristling: very low -Talk stalk: very small -Trope size: medium-sized, shouldered, 280 - 300 g heavy - Berry size / density: medium large / medium high - Yield level: 90 - 100 kg / a 85.5 ° Oe 9.5 g / l must acid
Sensory description The wine is characterized by a subtle Cabernet aroma, which is reminiscent of Cabernet Franc. The ripe tannins round off the pleasantly soft flavor profile of this variety. the acidity is rather low.
Variety characteristics Cabernet Noir grows upright without long side shoots and with a loose leaf wall. It therefore requires little foliage work. The grapes are rather small and rounded in shape. The grapes are often at the same level. Resistance to downy mildew and oidium is moderate. The grapes are also often attacked by the cherry vinegar fly. The yield is rather low.
Cabernet Sauvignon and several mildew-resistant crossing partners
Synonyms:
VB 91-26-1,
Origin:
V. Blattner, Soyhières, Switzerland
Where to buy:
Freytag vine nursery
Sensory description Its scent is reminiscent of its hybrid vine Cabernet Sauvignon. Spicy berries of paprika, blackcurrant and gooseberry aromas, but also aromas of citrus fruits, apricots and apples. With the right maturity and optimal terrain, it develops good minerality and acidity.
Variety characteristics The berries are small and round, the seedless fruits in particular have a very high sugar content and good extract values. Before they are fully ripe, the berries are dark green and appear unripe for a long time. When they begin to ripen in early October, the fruits turn yellow. The variety has a strong tendency to trickle down, which can lead to small yields. Recommendation cut long rods.
history The "Cabernet blanc" grape variety was grown in 1991 by the Swiss vine grower Valentin Blattner in the Palatinate and selected by Volker Freytag. After a few years of trial evaluation, she was registered by Voker Freytag in 2004 for plant variety protection and in 2010 for classification.
Seibel 70-53 x (Merzling x (Zarya severa x Muskat Ottonel))
Origin:
State Wine Institute Freiburg, Germany
Sensory description spicy, mild Cabernet type (Merlot-like), color-intensive, rich in extract and phenol
Variety characteristics -Extraction: a few days after Pinot Noir -Bloom time: shortly after Pinot Noir -Trops / closing: shortly before Pinot Noir -colouring: one week before Pinot Noir - harvest maturity: approx. 1 week before Pinot Noir - Pero. Firmness: very good -Oidium firmness: very good - sprinkling: very low - pedicle paralysis: very small - grape size: large - berry size / density: large / low - yield level: 95-105 kg / a - weight: approx . 4-8 ° Oe over Pinot Noir - rot content: low
Cabernet Sauvignon X (Merzling X (Saperavi severnyi X St. Laurent))
Origin:
State Wine Institute Freiburg, Germany
Sensory description spicy, very intense Cabernet type, color-intensive, very rich in extract and phenol
Variety characteristics -Burst: with Bl. Pinot Noir -Bloom timing: with Bl. Pinot Noir -Grape development/closing of the grapes: after Bl.Spätburgunder -Colouring: one week after Bl. Spätburgunder -Ready for harvest: approx. 14 days after Bl. Spätbg. -Sprinkling: very low -Yield level: 70 - 80 kg/a -Most weight: in the area of Bl. Pinot Noir -Percentage of putrefaction: low
Cabernet Sauvignon X (Merzling X (Zarya Severa X Muskat Ottonel))
Origin:
State Wine Institute Freiburg, Germany
Variety characteristics spicy, intense Cabernet type, very color-intensive, very rich in extracts and phenols, ready for harvest 8-10 days after Pinot Noir
Variety characteristics The variety is grown in Holland and Sweden. It is early ripening and resistant to late frosts. Unfortunately quite vulnerable to Oidium.
Cabernet Sauvignon X (Merzling X (Zarya Severa X Muskat Ottonel))
Synonyms:
FR 437-82 r / 1982
Origin:
State Wine Institute Freiburg, Germany
Sensory description In smell and taste spicy-herbal and tannin-rich red wines with aromas of black pepper, rose paprika and black berries. Also very suitable for rosé wines with a Mediterranean, fruity-spicy style. (WBI)
description This grape variety is able to form a good sugar accumulation with balanced total acidity of the must. The aromatic profile shows intense floral-fruity and spicy notes, while the polyphenol content is excellent for the quality and composition of the tannins and for the intensity and tonality of the pigmentation. It is suitable for wines with medium to long aging.
Sensory description This grape variety is able to form a good sugar accumulation with balanced total acidity of the must. The aromatic profile shows intense floral-fruity and spicy notes, while the polyphenol content is excellent for the quality and composition of the tannins and for the intensity and tonality of the pigmentation. It is suitable for wines with medium to long aging.
Variety characteristics Red berry variety obtained from the cross between Cabernet Sauvignon and Bianca. Good to excellent resistance to downy mildew. Good winter hardiness down to -22 ° C. Due to the high base bud fertility adaptable for all tendril and pruning systems.
history At the beginning of the new millennium, the Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo considered it sensible to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and to create table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to growers such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Genomics, to maximize.
Sensory description The wine has a very dark, ruby red color, nice tannins. Its southern Cabernet aroma indicates berries, cherries, plums. What is striking is that one is reminded of a rose scent. Depending on the type of pressing, this fragrance note can be strengthened or subtly weakened by an earlier or later pressing time. It seems ideal to squeeze the wine between 20 and 30 ° Oechsle. In the beginning, some bitter tannins change very nicely, especially in timber construction. This type of wine also opens up great opportunities for blends with wines that are not as dense in color.
Variety characteristics Cabernet-Jura has a strong upright growth and saves a lot of leafy work in commercial cultivation. One pass is usually sufficient for the removal and looping in. The variety is very fertile, on the vertical shoots there are three four, sometimes very large, loose grapes at the shoot base with long shoulders and medium-sized berries. The yield must be limited. For regulation, shoot tips and armpits can also be cut away. The berry skin appears to be very resistant to botrytis. Shrinking the berries at 100 ° Oechsle is a normal sign of ripeness. The plant tends to be deficient in magnesium. Stalk paralysis can occur at the tips of the shoots in some years.
history Originally, 3 different clones were offered under the name Cabernet Jura. Namely Cabernet Jura 25, Cabernet Jura 5-01 and Cabernet Jura 5-02. Currently, only Cabernet Jura 5-02 are offered by the vine nurseries under the name Cabernet Jura. however, resistance seems to be best in the Cabernet Jura 25 clone. On the other hand, this clone also shows the most pronounced rose scent.
Sensory description The grapevine is able to achieve an excellent sugar accumulation with good acidity. The aromatic profile is complex with intense fruity notes reminiscent of the Cabernet Sauvignon parent. The polyphenols complex is of excellent quality. Suitable for the production of wines that require medium to long refinement times thanks to their high content of intense pigments.
Variety characteristics Red berry variety obtained from the crossing of Cabernet Sauvignon and 20-3. Good resistance to downy mildew and fairly good resistance to powdery mildew. Reduced sensitivity to botrytis. Excellent resistance to winter minima down to -24 ° C. Adaptable to various trellis and pruning systems, especially to the track systems due to their high base bud fertility.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
Sensory description The wine is dark ruby red in colour. The scent is reminiscent of Cabernet. It shows attributes of paprika and pepper as well as hints of mocha and spicy cigars. The strong tannin structure requires good ripeness of the grapes. If this is the case, soft and harmonious tannins appear.
Variety characteristics The grapes are narrow, loose and not very shouldered. The berry is round, small and covered by an even layer of wax, which ensures high resistance to fungal attack. The ripening time is about 10-14 days before Cabernet Sauvignon. The growth is upright and very strong. New stings form until late summer, which has a positive effect on sugar formation. The frost hardiness in winter frosts can be rated as very good. Its upright growth ensures even ventilation and sunshine in the grape zone without the need for intensive defoliation measures. Good resistance to Botrytis and medium to Peronospora and Oidium.
Sensory description The wine has a strong color. Aromas of blackberries and black cherries. Full body but with strong and rather high acidity. Can be fun as a pure variety, but is also a very good cuvée partner.
Variety characteristics The variety has a medium-strong growth, but makes a lot of stinging shoots. The grapes are rather small with smaller berries. The yield is medium and the ripeness is similar to that of the Pinot Noir. the variety tends to form red leaves very early. She also quickly shows magnesium deficiency. The grapes are also not susceptible to the spotted-wing drosophila. Plant protection is not necessary.
Sensory description The wine has great potential with good maturity. He has a lot of color, the aroma is reminiscent of blueberries and blackberries. Only a short mashing time is recommended.
Variety characteristics The variety has a standing loose growth. The grapes and berries are medium-sized and loose in the stem structure. They ripen very late, good locations are necessary. The strain requires minimal foliage and staple work. The resistance is very good against downy mildew, oidium and botrytis. No crop protection is necessary. Due to its late maturity it is more of a variety for southern regions
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description Calandro is a Mediterranean, full-bodied and full-bodied wine type. Its characteristics are characterized by berry aromas and smoky notes. The high tannin content requires a maturing phase. This gives it a long shelf life
Variety characteristics The CALANDRO grape variety is characterized by its colour-intensive red wines of high quality. It produces powerful wines that are characterized by a complex tannin structure. This Mediterranean typicity, which is achieved despite the early maturity, is ideal for aging in barrique barrels. CALANDRO is very uncomplicated to grow due to its upright growth and good wood maturity. The level of resistance and the time of ripening are similar to its father grape variety Regent. The compact grape structure should ensure good ventilation of the foliage wall in years with high rainfall and in critical locations.
history 1984: crossing 1992ff: selection and testing in the breeding stages 2004: registration for variety protection 2005: registration for variety list 2009: granting of variety protection 2011: entry in variety list
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description The wine has a fine aroma of passion fruit, blood orange and freshly cut apple paired with a delicate, finely spicy bouquet and is characterized by a lively acidity, which makes it well suited as a base wine for sparkling wine.
Variety characteristics CALARDIS BLANC combines various resistances to powdery and downy mildew as well as black rot with excellent cultivation properties. Due to its upright growth and the loose grape structure, it is a very user-friendly grape variety. It is also striking that the CALARDIS BLANC grapes have so far hardly been damaged by sunburn, even in very dry and hot years. Since the variety has a moderate tendency to double and double shoots, yield thinning may be necessary. A special feature of the variety is the color of the unshaded berries, reminiscent of muscatel, while the back of the grape often remains yellow-green despite ripeness. (JKI)
history 1993: Crossing 2000: Selection and testing in several breeding stages 2013: Application for variety protection 2015: Application for variety list 2018: Granting of variety protection D/EU 2020: Entry in variety list
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description Lively acidity and a pronounced muscat note, sometimes reminiscent of Traminer, in combination with exotic aromas such as mango, passion fruit and gooseberry.
Variety characteristics The white grape variety CALARDIS MUSQUÉ always produces very full-bodied wines with a unique, exotic bouquet. In blind tastings at the Geilweilerhof, the wines are usually the best-rated white wines. CALARDIS MUSQUÉ tends to form stingy grapes and trickles. The variety is somewhat more demanding in cultivation than other new breeds. However, the increased effort in the vineyard is rewarded by the high quality of the wines. If botrytis, which occurs rather rarely with this variety, is present, it usually develops into noble rot. These properties, coupled with the lively acidity and the distinctive aroma, make the variety interesting for wine specialties with residual sweetness. The constantly high quality of the wines over the years should be emphasized.
history 1964 Crossing 2018 Registration of variety protection 2018 Registration of variety list
Sensory description The wine is dark red, strong, substantial, Mediterranean and reminds of Merlot. As a young wine, it can still look rough and herbaceous. If the maturity is insufficient, there is a tendency towards animal hybrid notes. Chambourcin is also grown in the USA and its wine is one of the best red wines made from the older PIWI.
Variety characteristics Late-ripening variety that is particularly suitable for southern locations. Medium-sized grapes, good yield. Thinning is necessary. The grape variety was used to develop the new variety Regent.
Sensory description When fully ripe, a strong, warm red wine of dark color. The wine shows hardly any hybrid notes.
Variety characteristics A cross of A. Seibel, who bred numerous fungus-resistant varieties in France at the beginning of the last century. The late maturing and vigorous variety is very fungus-resistant and frost-resistant and is common in the USA. The wine is one of the best made from the older PIWI. Was the most important hybrid vine in France with a total area of 40,000 ha.
Catawba (Vitis labrusca x Semillon) x Vitis labrusca.
Origin:
United States
Variety characteristics Concord is a red grape variety. It is a mutation of the wild vine Vitis labrusca and is used extensively in the USA both as a table grape and as a vine for making wine. Concord was developed in 1849 by Ephraim Wales Bull in the city of Concord (Massachusetts). It is an "interspecific cross" and is a table and wine grape. The wines have a light ruby red color, are astringent and have a dominant artificial strawberry taste, the typical fox tone.
history Concord was developed in 1849 by Ephraim Wales Bull in the city of Concord (Massachusetts). From over 20,000 seedlings, he selected the most suitable plants for him. In 1853, Bull won a competition at the Boston Horticultural Society Exhibition. The variety has been marketed since 1854 due to its success. A DNA analysis commissioned by the Burgenland (Austria) regional administrative court from the Julius Kühn Institute in early 2016 in the course of a legal dispute over the order for the clearing of Ripatella vines showed that the varieties Ripatella and Concord are identical. Like the Delaware and Elvira varieties, it is a cross between Vitis vinifera and other species of the genus Vitis.[2][3]
Sensory description The must is neutral with medium sugar and acid content. The wine is intensely colored, structured and very rich in polyphenols. Complex bouquet with fruity, floral and spicy notes. It is recommended to pick the grapes late. This is made easier because the variety is very resistant to botrytis. Although the sugar levels hardly increase any more, the following advantages result in the wine. Fuller structure, improved quality of tannins and increased complexity of the wine. The Divico grape variety can be used both for blends and for single-varietal wines.
Variety characteristics Budding is early, the color change is also early. However, a late harvest is advantageous. The growth is medium to strong and semi-erect. The yield is medium with numerous light clusters. Long bleed recommended. Good resistance to downy mildew and botrytis. Depending on disease pressure, 1-3 treatments against powdery mildew are recommended. Does not have a special resistance to black rot and red smut. Due to the high degree of maturity which is necessary for the production of high-quality wines, unfavorable locations should be avoided.
history The Divico variety was created at Agroscope's Pully research center in 1997 from a cross between Gamaret (Gamay X Reichensteiner) and Bronner (breeding code IRAC 2091) PIWI variety with resistance genes derived from American and Asian Vitis species. Distributed since 2013.
AGROSCOPE - Section de Viticulture, Jean-Laurent Spring, 21 avenue de Rocchettaz, 1009 Pully Switzerland https://www.agroscope.admin.ch/agroscope/de/home/themen/pflanzenbau/weinbau/divona.html
Sensory description The must is neutral to slightly aromatic, has a high sugar content and medium to low acidity. The wine shows a fine aromatic and sometimes quite complex bouquet (exotic fruits, citrus, floral notes, mineral notes with aging). The aromatic expression can vary depending on the location, vintage and vinification. A short berry maceration favors the aromatic expression. Full-bodied wines are possible. The end of ripening should be monitored to avoid overripeness and an imbalance in the composition of the must. https://www.agroscope.admin.ch/agroscope/de/home/themen/pflanzenbau/weinbau/divico.html
Variety characteristics Early budding. the maturity is early like Müller-Thurgau. Medium growth with a semi-upright to upright stance, which makes trellis work easier. Medium to high yield. Numerous bunches of medium size. Does not appear to be particularly sensitive to trickling and small berries. Mostly requires yield regulation. Divona has high resistance to downy mildew and medium resistance to powdery mildew. Depending on the disease pressure, one to three treatments against the powdery mildew fungi are required in the flowering/fruit setting/pea-sized berries stages. Has no particular resistance to black rot and red smut. Resistance to botrytis is generally good but needs to be monitored towards the end of maturation.
history The Divona variety was created at Agroscope's Pully research center in 1997 from a cross between Bronner and Gamaret (breeding code IRAC 2060) PIWI variety with resistance genes derived from American and Asian Vitis species.
Variety characteristics Donauriesling has very good winter frost resistance, very good resistance to downy mildew and oidium and good resistance to botrytis. It has little tendency for the berries to burst after autumn rainfall and tolerates drought well. One of the strengths of the Donauriesling when it comes to wine characteristics is its pronounced small berry character, which has considerable advantages in terms of the extract. The disadvantage is the late ripening of the variety and that the berries are sensitive to heat (sunburn). The fruity and acidic young wines have to mature sufficiently before they are drunk.
Variety characteristics The Donauveltliner grape variety shows excellent winter frost resistance and resistance to downy mildew and oidium. In the case of autumn rainfall, there is little tendency for the berries to burst. The grapes are much looser than the grapes of the Grüner Veltliner variety and therefore less susceptible to botrytis. There is also good tolerance to red burner, phomopsis, and black rot. As a result of these properties, only limited chemical plant protection is required. Areas and locations that are too hot and dry are less suitable for growing Donauveltliner because of its early ripeness and loss of acidity. Otherwise, the viticultural requirements are similar to those of the Grüner Veltliner variety. The wines are fruity and balanced when they are young. However, the wine needs a certain degree of maturity before it can be consumed. As a mature wine, it is very similar to the Grüner Veltliner.
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description Sensorially, FELICIA stands for a light, finely fruity wine type with a subtle acidity. The bouquet is characterized by fine, floral and fruity aromas such as green apple, apricot and banana, which in some years are combined with a subtle, pleasant nutmeg; the wine also has a harmonious acidity.
Variety characteristics In the vineyards, FELICIA is quickly recognized by its strikingly shiny leaves. Typical of FELICIA are large and loose-berried grapes, which are also suitable for direct consumption, and with three to four grapes per shoot, the variety has a relatively high yield level. Due to the loose grape structure, it is quite insensitive to botrytis. However, due to their not quite upright growth, the manual work in the vineyard is a bit more complex. Due to the predominantly filigree wine style, the variety is ideal as a blending partner for delicious cuvées.
history 1984: crossing 1988ff: selection and testing in the breeding stages 2000: application for variety protection 2004: granting of variety protection 2015: application for variety list 2020: entry in variety list
Sensory description Good sugar storage capacity and average acidity. The aromatic profile shows a good intensity of free aromas with clear notes of white flowers and glycosides with pear and almond notes, which are typical of Tocai Friulano parent. The full-bodied taste is mainly due to the fruity and spicy aromas, which were highly appreciated during the sensory analysis. It is suitable for the production of young wines or wines with short periods of refinement.
Variety characteristics White berry variety obtained from the crossing of Tocai Friulano and 20-3. Excellent resistance to downy and powdery mildew. Reduced sensitivity to botrytis. Good resistance to winter temperatures down to -23 ° C. It adapts to various forms of rank and pruning, but prefers the Guyot-type systems.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and to create table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are, in fact, the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Genomics, to maximize.
Sensory description The wines are expressive, with a good freshness. The aromas are corresponding, dominated by exotic fruits and boxwood.
Variety characteristics Good vigor with upright shoot growth, trellises required. Yield medium high, medium sized berries. Shoot and harvest a few days after Chardonnay.
Geisenheim University, Institute for Vine Breeding
Sensory description Wines with Riesling-like acidity, fine fruity and fragrant. Bouquet is reminiscent of violets and roses with hints of quince and citrus.
Variety characteristics Generally good resilience, less susceptible to botrytis, early to medium asus drive, medium to late ripeness
Merzling X (Seyve-Villard 12-481 X Müller-Thurgau)
Synonyms:
FR 242-73 / 1973
Origin:
State Wine Institute Freiburg, Germany
Sensory description fruity, juicy, with its own pleasant bouquet, lively acidity
Variety characteristics -Expulsion: with Müller-Thurgau u. Ruländer - flowering time: with Ruländer - grape development / closing: with Ruländer - softening: a few days before Ruländer - harvest maturity: with Ruländer - perfect strength: good - oidium strength: good - sprinkling: very low - stalk: very low - Grape size: medium to large - Berry size / density: small / low - Yield level: 85 - 95 kg / a - Must weight: like white burgundy - Decay percentage: low
Riesling X (Seyve-Villard 12-481 X (Ruländer X Gutedel))
Synonyms:
FR 177-68 / 1968
Origin:
State Wine Institute Freiburg, Germany
Sensory description The wines are strong, fresh and fruity with similarity to Pinot Blanc and Riesling. Johanniter wines have a piquant acidity and aromas of apple, melon and pear. Johanniter is a good terroir indicator and, depending on the type of soil, has a clear mineral, such as flint. In addition, there are often hints of herbal aromas such as mint and wild oregano in the wine.
Variety characteristics Shoot: a few days before Riesling
Flowering time: with Riesling grape development / closing: just before Riesling softens: one week before Riesling
Harvest maturity: between Pinot Blanc and Riesling
Berry size / density: medium large / relatively high Yield level: 110-120 kg / a 85.1 ° Oe 9.2 g / l must acid
Sensory description This variety is able to achieve an excellent sugar and acid accumulation in the must. The aromatic profile is very positive because of the glycoside compounds, which achieve an optimal level of intensity and full-bodied character. It has an above-average concentration of floral and fruity notes. Suitable for the production of wines of medium refinement, although the polyphenol profile has a low chromatic stability, but with a high polyphenol content and rather high flavonoids.
Variety characteristics Red berry variety obtained from the crossing of Regent and 20-3. Good resistance to downy mildew and tolerant to powdery mildew. Excellent resistance to winter minima down to -24 ° C. Prefers broad tendril systems and long pruning such as the Guyot type and double Guyot.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
Sensory description On a sensorial level Kersus wine resembles Chardonnay wine with the notes of Pinot gris wines. The aromatic profile shows high intensity of floral and citrus aromas that transform into exotic fruits. Well-structured wines are characterized by intense fruity aromas and remarkable freshness. It is suitable for the production of young wines or wines with short periods of refining.
Variety characteristics Kersus is an average ripening resistant white winegrape variety for high quality wine production. Excellent resistance to downy mildew and good resistance to powdery mildew. Good winter hardiness with resistance up to -20 ° C. Adaptable to different trellis and pruning systems, but performs best on the Guyot-type trellis.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
Sensory description The winemaking presents no particular problems. Possible types of wine are normal red wine, which has a medium structure and can be quite strong; on the other hand, a tasty, fruity, pleasant rosé.
Variety characteristics Landal's growth is not particularly strong, the shoots are upright. Landal is very fertile, the yield must be limited. The variety is not very susceptible, but is not one of the particularly robust grape varieties. The variety is in good to very good locations for optimal maturity.
Variety characteristics Loose grapes with hard berry skin, good resistance to mushrooms. Good frost resistance. The wine has very fine aromas similar to that of St. Laurent. High color intensity.
(Merlot x Seibel 13,666) x (Blaufränkisch x Saint Laurent)
Origin:
Doz. Miloš Michlovský, Prof. Vilém Kraus, Lubomír Glos, Vlastimil Perina, Dipl. Ing. František Mádl. Moravia
Where to buy:
Sedlo, J. - Ludvíková, I .: Prehled odrud révy 2014, SV CR Velké Bílovice, 175 s.
Sensory description Suitable for quality wine, wine is fruity with a fine aroma and taste, similar to Saint Laurent. Sometimes it has more acids, then malolactic fermentation is necessary.
Variety characteristics Medium-ripening (like Pinot noir) blue wine grape variety
history National Wine Competition 2015 (CZ): Laurot was the winner of the red wine category of all Czech red wines. PIWI Wine Award: - 2013: Large gold for late harvest 2011 - 2015: Gold gold for berry selection 2011 - 2016: Large gold for berry selection 2012 In the Czech Republic, more than 5 ha (2017) of vineyards are planted.
Sensory description When aging the wine, different options are practiced depending on the maturity, also the barrel aging is possible.
Variety characteristics The variety has two medium-sized, dense and small-grapes per shoot with fine skin. The berry juice is colored. Leon Millot is not very susceptible to downy mildew and is one of the robust varieties. Botrytis infection is possible when fully ripe.
history The red wine variety (Kuhlmann 194-2) dates back to 1911. It is a cross from a seedling of the base 101-14 x gold Riesling (= Riesling x Courtiller musqué) by Eugène Kuhlmann, then director of the Oberlin Institute in Colmar. Although the variety is already relatively old and has been cultivated on various occasions, it was only in the late 80s of the last century that it became more of an interest when mushroom-resistant grape varieties were sought for ecological production. The Léon Millot belongs to the so-called Kuhlmann hybrids as well as the Maréchal Foch, the Maréchal Joffre, the triumph of Alsace, the Lucie Kuhlmann etc. Vines from these unique varieties were sold from 1921 onwards. Léon Millot is the name of the former president of the Vosges wine company. The variety is considered one of the best among the so-called old hybrids.
(SV 12.375 x early red Veltliner) x (Merlot x S 13.666)
Synonyms:
from 2001 registered in the Czech variety list
Origin:
Doz. Miloš Michlovský, Prof. Vilém Kraus, Lubomír Glos, Vlastimil Perina, Dipl. Ing. František Mádl. Moravia
Where to buy:
Sedlo, J. - Ludvíková, I .: Prehled odrud révy 2014, SV CR Velké Bílovice, 175 s.
Sensory description Variety suitable for quality wine, wine is harmonious, with fine aroma and variety taste
Variety characteristics Late ripening (like Riesling, like Hibernal) white wine grape variety
history Organic wine price 2015: - Large gold for late harvest 2011 - Gold for late harvest 2013 PIWI wine price 2015: - Gold for late harvest 2013 In the Czech Republic (2017) a total of 11.5 ha.
Eugène Kuhlmann, Oberlin Institute, Colmar, France
Sensory description Depending on the expansion, a strong wine with a light Fox tone is created.
Variety characteristics The vine has a strong growth and promises a very high and safe harvest yield. Maréchal Foch is ripe early, with a high fungus resistance to the real and downy mildew as well as to Botrytis cinerea. This means that pesticides can largely be dispensed with. This variety is especially suitable for cooler areas.
Sensory description The vine has an excellent sugar accumulation but maintains a good acidity in the mash. The aromatic profile of the free compounds is positive with obvious pyrazine tones, while the glycosylated compounds are in the middle range. The polyphenol content, the intensity and full-bodiedness is more than excellent, with a high anthocyanin content. Their characteristics are suitable for the production of wines that require a medium to long refinement time.
Variety characteristics Red berry variety obtained from the crossing of Merlot and 20-3. Good resistance to downy and powdery mildew. Responsive to magnesium deficiency. Hardy down to -20 ° C. Adaptable to different rank and pruning systems. This variety can also be pruned on cone cordon because of its increased basal bud fertility.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
Sensory description The grapevine is able to achieve good sugar accumulation with average must acidity. The aromatic profile shows clear notes of red fruits; excellent polyphenol content in terms of intensity; the high anthocyanin content and the quality of the tannins. The wines have an intense ruby red color, slightly violet, with good structure and body; and are well suited for a medium to long refinement time.
Variety characteristics Red berry variety obtained from the crossing of Merlot and 20-3. Very good resistance to downy mildew and good resistance to powdery mildew. Responds to sensitive botrytis and acid rot. Pretty good winter hardiness down to -20 ° C. It adapts very well to both long and short pruning systems thanks to its increased basal bud fertility. Summer pruning and removal of the stingers is recommended to establish a vegetative balance, as it tends to overgrow.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
Variety characteristics Loose grapes with hard berry skin, good resistance to mushrooms. Good frost resistance. The wine has a very fine aroma similar to that of Merlot. High color intensity.
Dipl. Ing. Václav Krivánek, RNDr. Zdenek Habrovanský, Dipl. Ing. Alois Tománek. Moravia
Where to buy:
Sedlo, J. - Ludvíková, I. - Nezvalová, J .: Prehled odrud révy 2018, SV CR Velké Bílovice. In preparation.
Sensory description Variety suitable for quality wine, wine is yellow-green, with a fine fruit or flower aroma and with a flavor of fruit. Has slightly higher acidity.
Variety characteristics Mid-early to late ripening (like Pinot Blanc) white wine grape variety
Sensory description fruity, full-bodied, largely neutral, with ripe acidity;
Variety characteristics -Drop-out: with Müller-Thurgau -blooming period: with Müller-Thurgau -Trop development / closing: with Müller-Thurgau -softing: with Müller-Thurgau -reparing maturity: with Müller-Thurgau -Pero. Strength: medium to high, leaf infestation possible , is delimited -Oidium-strength: medium to high -Ristling: very low -Stalk paralysis: very small -Grain size: large, relatively compact -Berry size / density: medium to large / rel. high - harvest results (average values from 173 harvests, each of the same old vines, same location, same year): Merzling 123 kg / a 78.1 ° Oe 9.0 g / l Most acid Müller-Thurgau 118 kg / a 73.9 ° Oe 8.4 g / l must acid
Sensory description For good wine quality, the grapes must be ripe. With sugar levels below 95 degrees Oechsle, unripe and grassy tones can disturb the harmony. It is recommended to age the wine in wooden barrels. This results in full, harmonious and round wines which are characterized by good storability.
Variety characteristics Millot X Foch is a cross between Léon Millot X Maréchal Foch. The resistance is comparable to these two strains. The wine is also very similar to the wines from the parents. Poor foliage work can cause oidium. The variety is sensitive to sulfur.
(Merzling X (Zarya Severa X Muskat Ottonel)) X Dornfelder
Origin:
State Wine Institute Freiburg, Germany
Sensory description fruity, intense color, rich in extract and phenol, Romanesque type
Variety characteristics -Expulsion: a few days before leaf late. -Blossoming time: with leaves of Pinot Noir - grape development / closing: with leaves of Pinot Noir - coloring: a few days before leaves of Spätbg. - Harvest maturity: shortly before until with late sp. -Pero. Firmness: good -Oidium firmness: good to medium -ristling: low to medium -stalks paralysis: small -Trope size: large -Berry size / density: medium / very low -Earnings level: 100 - 110 kg / a -Most weight : slightly less than Bl. Pinot Noir - rotting: very low
Sensory description Intensely bouquet wines, characterized by exotic fruit nuances such as mango, lychee and citrus. Depending on the expansion, also floral aromas with a slightly noisy aftertaste. Well suited for dessert wines due to the early high must weight. Read early dry wines at a maximum of 90° Oe to avoid loss of aroma. (WBI)
history Muscaris was crossed in 1987 by Norbert Becker from the varieties Solaris (as mother variety, ?) and Gelber Muskateller (as father variety, ?). The Solaris grape variety, in turn, emerged from the parent varieties Merzling (as mother variety, ?) and Gm 6493 (as father population, ?). (WBI)
Sensory description Wine made from the Muscat blue grape variety is characterized by an intense Muscat scent. Red wines are therefore not well received by consumers. Rose wines, some with a slight residual sweetness, can be marketed in smaller quantities.
Variety characteristics Robust, fungus-resistant table grape with early ripening. The grapes are loose with medium-sized oval berries. Due to the early colouration, the grapes are also easily attacked by the spotted-wing drosophila. The birds also like to find this early variety.
history Popular table grape in Europe, widely used as an ornamental vine for home and garden.
(Blaufränkisch x St. Laurent) x (Merlot x S 13.666)
Synonyms:
from 2010 entered in the Czech variety list
Origin:
Doz. Miloš Michlovský, Prof. Vilém Kraus, Lubomír Glos, Vlastimil Perina, Dipl. Ing. František Mádl. Moravia
Where to buy:
Sedlo, J. - Ludvíková, I .: Prehled odrud révy 2014, SV CR Velké Bílovice, 175 s.
Sensory description Variety suitable for quality wine, wine of high quality, is fruity to flowery, with a fine aroma and spicy taste, harmonious. Wine color is dark to blue-red.
Variety characteristics Late ripening (like Lemberger = Blaufränkisch) blue wine grape variety
history Organic wine price 2015: gold for country wine 2011 PIWI wine price 2015: gold for country wine 2011
Sensory description Notes of violets and red fruits
Variety characteristics Cylindrical cluster with shoulder, slightly loose berries. Spherical berries with black-blue skin and a scented film. Juicy grapes with colorless pulp. Suitable for storage.
Variety characteristics Nero is a fungus-resistant table grape from Hungary, due to its early ripeness and good frost resistance, it can also be grown in colder climates. This red wine variety is also suitable for wine production and is pressed on a small scale in the Netherlands and Germany. The grape variety has a strong growth, ripens in late August to mid-September, the grapes are medium-sized. The loose-fitting oval berries are dark blue, crisp and sweet in taste. Nero is tolerant of powdery mildew and mildew, has good frost hardiness, is slightly sensitive to pedicel and tends to rot when overripe. The Nero grape variety is suitable for cultivation in the home garden, it is very robust against diseases and therefore needs almost no crop protection.
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description The wines are floral, fresh and often resemble those of Müller-Thurgau. The quality is mostly in the predicate wine area.
history 1984: Registration for variety protection 1985: Registration for variety list 1994: Granting of variety protection and entry in the variety list 2000: Classification in the wine-growing regions of Hesse and Bavaria
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description The wine has a clear bouquet with a subtle nutmeg. It is full-bodied and is very balanced thanks to its mature acidity.
Variety characteristics PHOENIX is a white grape variety that, with its aromatic taste, is also suitable for consumption as a table grape and is therefore also very popular as a house vine. it is also used for the production of grape juice. Due to its early maturity, it should be harvested in good time, because unfavorable, wet weather can quickly cause the PHOENIX berry skin to burst open. PHOENIX has consistently high earnings. The grape variety grows upright, the wood matures well and the variety is quite insensitive to winter frost
history 1964 crossing 1992 variety protection 1992 entry of variety list
Sensory description On a sensorial level Pinot Iskra wine is very similar to the parental variety Pinot blanc. The aromatic profile shows a good intensity of fruity-fermentative, floral and citrus aromas. The wine has remarkable freshness and persistence. It is suitable for the production of high quality sparkling wines or perfumed wines with short periods of refining.
Variety characteristics Pinot Iskra is an average ripening resistant white winegrape variety for high quality wine production. Excellent resistance to downy and powdery mildew. Good winter hardiness with resistance up to -20 ° C. Adaptable to different trellis and pruning systems because of the high fertility of the basal buds.
history At the beginning of the present millennium Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo recognized that it was essential to invest resources and fnd out defnite solutions to the challenges faced by growers and consumers. Consequently, in 2006, at the time of the establishment of the new Applied Genomics Institute (IGA) of Udine, they became fnancial partners and initiated a close collaboration with the University of Udine aimed to evaluate disease- resistant grapevines and to breed new table and wine disease-resistant varieties. Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo have the exclusive license for these new varieties and the commitment to distribute them into all grape growing countries commencing with Italy and to maximize the economic beneft for the University of Udine and the IGA.
Sensory description On a sensorial level UD. 156-537 wine is similar to the parental variety Pinot noir. The aromatic profile opens with delicate floral notes reminiscent of rose, and transforms into intense notes of red fruits and spices. The polyphenolic profile is more than excellent for quality, intensity and roundness and for the high anthocyanin content. It is conducive to wines of medium to long refinement period.
Variety characteristics Pinot Kors is an average ripening resistant red winegrape variety for high quality wine production of Pinot type. Excellent resistance to downy and powdery mildew. Adaptable to different pruning and trellising systems, but performs best on the Guyot-type trellis.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
Variety characteristics The “red wine character” is significantly stronger than that of Pinot Noir. The fruity, low-acid wines are more reminiscent of St. Laurent than Pinot Noir. The tannin content requires a longer maturation, which also works very well in small wooden barrels. The wine has a good color intensity, more intense than that of Pinot Noir. The composition of the red wine coloring has been controlled for many years. The undesired direct carrier dye (malvidin 3,5-diglucoside) can be detected, but was always below the limit of 15 mg / l in all research years.
Sensory description Pinotin is reminiscent of the Pinot Noir, but it appears in the glass with more color density and depth. Pinotin shows a clear, dense forest fruit aroma, soft in the tannin structure and uncomplicated in its taste. The wines have proven to be good "all-rounders" that are easily accessible to a wide range of connoisseurs.
Variety characteristics The grape of the variety is narrow, elongated, mostly loose-grained and rarely shouldered. The berry is almost round, medium-sized and covered with an even waxy layer. Due to the loose stem structure, it stains early and evenly. The maturity is reached around mid to late September. Healthy grapes can easily be harvested later. The growth can be described as rather weak, which is why strongly growing underlay is recommended. The grape variety is characterized by a very good resistance to Oidium, Botrytis and a good resistance to Peronospora. Since there is relatively late sprouting, there is little risk of late frosts. The vine is not very sensitive to winter frosts.
(Joan Seyve 234-16 X Bl. Pinot Noir) X (Merzling X (Zarya Severa X St. Laurent))
Synonyms:
FR 484-87 r / 1987
Origin:
State Wine Institute Freiburg, Germany
Sensory description Red wines rich in color and tannins with aromas of ripe black sweet cherries. Dense, substantial body, brings warmth and reverberation on the palate. (WBI)
Variety characteristics Very slow must weight development, gelatinous, firm pulp Yield 80 - 120 kg 85 - 95 °Oe (WBI)
Variety characteristics Ráthay produces deeply dark, full-bodied wines rich in extracts and tannins. You are ready to drink early. Because of its good color strength, the variety is also well suited as a blending partner for paler wines. The variety is extremely frost hardy and very insensitive to fungal diseases, especially powdery mildew. The low susceptibility to botrytis has the advantage that the Ráthay variety has a significantly reduced need for pesticides. In this respect, this variety is particularly suitable for organic viticulture, especially since the methods approved for organic viticulture make it much easier to keep fungal diseases below the damage threshold.
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description The wines are powerful and have well-integrated tannins. The bouquet of REBERGER is diverse. The fruity aromas are in the foreground and are reminiscent of sour cherries, plums, blueberries, elderberries and a little bit of raspberries. The tertiary aromas taste like vanilla, tobacco and cloves, they make it an exciting wine. The taste of dark chocolate rounds it off.
Variety characteristics REBERGER is a red grape variety that has high must weights and an intense color at an early stage. The vines have an upright habit and good resistance to powdery mildew. The susceptibility to downy mildew at REBERGER is comparable to classic grape varieties, which is why intensive foliage wall management should be ensured in the vineyard. Red wines made from REBERGER are full-bodied and smooth. The taste of the intensely colored wines is reminiscent of the father grape variety Lemberger.
history 1986: crossing 1991ff: selection and testing in the breeding stages 2000: application for plant variety protection 2004: granting of plant variety protection 2011: entry in the list of varieties
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description The Regent is often characterized by clear notes of cherries and plums, as well as aromas of red berries, some with southern characteristics. Existing phenolic components often appear ripe and integrated in young wines. With reduced cultivation, wines are produced with great density, their own phenolic-woody aromas and mineral structures. It is sometimes reminiscent of ripe Merlots or dense Dornfelder.
Variety characteristics Well suited for barrique aging if the yield is reduced. It is a popular red wine variety for organic farms. A reductive expansion is recommended. The harvest should not be too late because of the detachment of the berries and a significant drop in acidity. The wines are full-bodied with a good balance of tannins and aromas and are often reminiscent of red wines of southern origin.
history
Breeding began as early as 1967. Prof. Dr.Dr.hcG Alleweldt crossed Diana x Chambourcin at the Geilweilerhof Federal Institute for Breeding Research. The crossing partner Diana is a cross between Sylvaner x Müller-Thurgau. Champorcin is a complex French hybrid. The first crossings had to be selected over the years and the best single sticks had to be propagated. The first plantings in the wine-growing experimental farms took place from 1985. In 1993, plant variety protection was granted, two years later it was entered in the list of varieties, and in 1997 it was approved for quality wine production.
Sensory description The wine is characterized by a pleasant, mild acidity and a fine scent of apricots, white blossoms and local apples reminiscent of Riesling (Freytag).
Variety characteristics The grape variety Riesel is interesting for northern or higher-lying vineyards. This is due to the early ripening time in September. Must weights of around 90 Oechsle are almost always achievable. the cluster is cylindrical and compact without shoulders. the berries are round, small and attractive because of their bright yellow colour. The intensely shiny leaves with strong indentations are striking. Resistance to downy mildew is good, to oidium and botrytis it is moderate. due to the compact clusters, foliage work is recommended to prevent rot. The growth is strong and upright (Freytag)
history the Riesel variety was bred in 1989 by Walentin Blattner. It is a cross between Riesling and resistance partners and had the breed number VB 11-11-89-12.
Zweigelt and (Seyve Villard 18-402 x Blaufränkisch).
Variety characteristics Roesler produces very dark, blue-red wines with a high tannin content and full-bodied bouquet that is reminiscent of forest berries. They are ideal for aging in barriques and promise good shelf life. However, sufficient knowledge is still lacking for this.
history The name is reminiscent of Leonhard Roesler (1839 - 1910), a former director of the Klosterneuburg Wine School. As with the Rathay, it is a new variety from 1970 by Gertraud Mayer at the wine school in Klosterneuburg. The parents are Zweigelt and (Seyve Villard 18-402 x Blaufränkisch). In 2000 the variety was approved as a quality variety in Austria. The first trial plantings have been made in the Neckenmarkt area in Burgenland. In 2004 she received EU plant variety protection.
Zarya Severa (with genetic material from wild vines from the Amur region) x St. Laurent
Origin:
Geisenheim University, Institute for Vine Breeding
Variety characteristics The wine has a deep dark red color and intense aromas of dark berries, sometimes also almonds. Thanks to a balanced tannin structure, the wine has the necessary bite and a pleasant presence on the palate.
Sensory description The wine is characterized by a deep red, dense color. The taste is reminiscent of ripe blackberries and currants, black pepper and dark chocolate with hints of cigar, leather and cedar wood of a very ripe Cabernet Franc.
Variety characteristics Satin Noir shows a genetic relationship to Cabernet Sauvignon. The thick berry skin of the little ones, concentrated aromatic and colorful berries with a loose grape structure are typical of the Satin Noir. The maturity is about 10 days before the Cabernet Sauvignon. The resistance is good against Oidium and medium against downy mildew and botrytis.
history She was bred by Valentin Blattner from Soyhières in the canton of Jura, Switzerland. It is a cross between Cabernet Sauvignon x unknown resistant partner. Volker Freytag accompanies the variety intensively in cultivation and development trials.
Sensory description This variety leaves scope for the sensory expression in wine. Depending on the degree of maturity, the style of expansion and the use of yeast, the variety leans against Riesling aromas of apricot and ripe apple or shows the bouquet of limes and subtle black currant of the Scheurebe. It is characterized by a stable acidity that remains alive both when the grapes ripen on the vine and when the bottles are ripe. (Freytag)
Variety characteristics The variety is designed for cultivation on a wide range of soil and length. Their medium growth is comparable to Riesling, as is their good maturity in wood and frost resistance. The ripening period begins about 10 days before the Riesling. Due to the acid stability and the thick berry skin, the harvest window can be extended until the end of October. The variety also shows very good resistance to Peronospera and Oidium among the extreme weather conditions in Switzerland. Against botrytis, the variety is very solid due to the loosened stem structure and the thick berry skin. Our experience of the past few years shows a uniform infection of the berry skin by botrytis with noble rot potential from about 100 ° Oe, without the berries bursting open. (Freytag)
history As a pioneer of the so-called "Cal." Series by Valentin Blattner, the variety was created from a cross between Sauvignon blanc x Riesling x resistance partners. It represents the new generation of piwis. On the one hand, the robustness against fungal diseases could be sustainably improved by multiple crosses with different resistance genetics. On the other hand, the "Vinifera" parent shares give the variety a complex variety of aromas, which is located between Riesling and Scheurebe depending on the location, maturity and style of expansion. (Freytag)
Sensory description Sugar accumulation is good with average acidity in the mash, even in hot and dry summers. The aromatic profile of the free, volatile components is of medium intensity and full-bodied, but the potential intensity of the glycosidic aromatic compounds is above average. The aromatic profile of this variety is reminiscent of Sauvignon Cl.108. It is suitable for the production of young wines or wines that are consumed after a short period of refinement.
Variety characteristics White berry variety obtained from the cross between Sauvignon and 20-3. Good resistance to downy mildew and fairly good resistance to powdery mildew. Reduced sensitivity to botrytis and acid rot. Resistant to winter minimums of up to -22 ° C. Adaptable to various rank and circumcision systems due to its high basal bud fertility.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
Sensory description Sugar accumulation is good, with excellent acidity, even in hot years. The aromatic profile is very good, both because of the free volatile compounds and the glycosylated compounds. The wines have a complex aromatic profile, with a tendency to floral-fruity and spicy notes, a good content of pyrazines that are reminiscent of the Sauvignon R3. The aromatic full-bodied taste is slightly above average and because of its properties, this variety is suitable for the production of quickly consumed wines, or wines that require a short-medium refinement.
Variety characteristics White berry variety obtained from the cross between Sauvignon and Bianca. Good to excellent resistance to downy mildew. Quite good winter hardiness with resistance up to: -20 ° C. Adaptable to all circumcision and rank systems, even those with short circumcision, thanks to the high fertility of the basal buds.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
Sensory description Good sugar accumulation, just like the acidity in the mash. The free and glycosidic aromatic compounds are superior to the average variety and have tropical aromas combined with a distinctive mineral scent. This variety can produce wines with an intense aromatic contour and a positive and very complex potential full-bodied. It is suitable for young wines as well as wines that require a long refinement.
Variety characteristics White berry variety obtained from the cross between Sauvignon and Bianca. Good to excellent resistance to downy and powdery mildew. Sensitive to botrytis due to the very compact panicle. Good resistance to winter minima down to -23 ° C. Adaptable to various rank and pruning systems, but preferably for long ones. Pruning forms like the Guyot type.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
Variety characteristics Medium-sized grapes with firm berry skin, useful resistance to fungi. Good frost resistance. The wine has a very fine, spicy aroma. Medium maturation period.
Sensory description The fruity wine is reminiscent of Sauvignon blanc. It also shows exotic aromas of melon, passion fruit and elderflower. A good cuvée partner for varieties with little aroma
Variety characteristics The grape variety known as Sauvignon Soyhieres produces many small grapes with small berries. The variety ripens very early and produces high levels of sugar. the berries turn slightly yellow-pink when fully ripe. Therefore suitable for poor locations or higher regions. The resistance is very good against downy mildew and oidium. No crop protection is necessary. Above 95 degrees Oechsle, the berries can rot or the whole grapes can fall off. Manual harvesting is very time-consuming because of the small grapes. The growth is very hanging and the shoots must be well stapled.
history The grape variety VB-32-7 was bred in 1990 by Swiss vine grower Valentin Blattner. It is a cross between Cabernet Sauvignon and Vitis Amurensis. Winemakers gave this variety the name Sauvignon Soyhieres. This because the wine is reminiscent of Sauvignon blanc. In addition, the place of residence of Valtentin Blattner was added with Soyhieres.
State teaching and research institute for wine and fruit growing Weinsberg
Where to buy:
LVWO status 2019
Sensory description The wine shows an exotic, fresh aroma with a harmonious character. Ripe-fruity Sauvignon blanc aromas, such as gooseberries, combine with a mostly mild, harmonious acidity. (LVWO)
Variety characteristics SAUVITAGE is an easy-care quality variety with very vertical growth. The variety has a very high resistance to downy mildew and a high resistance to oidium. Due to the loose grape structure, it also has very good resistance to grape rot. (LVWO)
history SAUVITAGE comes from a cross between parent strains FR 147-66 and We 75-34-13. The crossing was carried out in 1988 at the LVWO Weinsberg. The breeding line FR 147-66 combines hereditary elements of Riesling and Pinot Gris with resistance genes against fungal diseases from American Vitis species. We 75-34-13 is a cross between Sauvignon blanc, Riesling and the Asian vine Vitis amurensis. The latter has a high frost resistance, a very high resistance to downy mildew and favors the loose grape structure.
(SV 12,375 x Early Red Liner) x (Merlot x Seibel 13,666)
Origin:
Doz. Miloš Michlovský, Prof. Vilém Kraus, Lubomír Glos, Vlastimil Perina, Dipl. Ing. František Mádl. Moravia
Where to buy:
Sedlo, J. - Ludvíková, I .: Prehled odrud révy 2014, SV CR Velké Bílovice, 175 s.
Sensory description Variety suitable for quality wine, wine is harmonious, yellow-green, with a fine fruit and flower aroma and with a full, fresh, and fruit variety taste, remembers Sauvignon blanc.
Variety characteristics Late ripening (like Riesling, like Hibernal) white wine grape variety
history PIWI Wine Award 2014: Gold for country wine 2013 Organic wine price 2015: Gold for Savilon 2013 country wine
Saperavi Servernyi x (Forsters white seedling x magnificent grape)
Origin:
Geisenheim University, Institute for Vine Breeding
Variety characteristics Like her sister Sibera, Serena has very good winter frost resistance and is also sufficiently tolerant of Peronospora. Depending on the weather, at least two treatments must also be carried out on her against oidium. The loose grape structure makes them less susceptible to botrytis. The wines are full-bodied and present themselves with fine fruity notes of quince, pineapple, mango and apple.
Dipl. Ing. Václav Krivánek, RNDr. Zdenek Habrovanský, Dipl. Ing. Alois Tománek. Moravia, registered in the Czech variety list from 2008
Where to buy:
Sedlo, J. - Ludvíková, I .: Prehled odrud révy 2014, SV CR Velké Bílovice, 175 s.
Sensory description Variety suitable for quality wine, wine of high quality, is fruity (strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, black currants) with a fine aroma and spicy taste, harmonious. Wine color is very dark.
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description The neutral wine with a pleasant acidity resembles the Silvaner.
history 1984: Application for variety protection 1985: Application for variety list 1995: Granting of variety protection and entry in the variety list 2000: Classification in the wine-growing regions of Hesse and Bavaria 2022: no longer permitted under seed law
Merzling x Gm6493 (Saperavi severnyi x Muscat Ottonel)
Synonyms:
Breed number FR 240-75
Sensory description Full-bodied, fruity white wines of all quality levels. Wines with a pronounced fruitiness can result from the maceration time and cool fermentation. Due to the very early ripening and the stable acidity, the variety is also very suitable for dessert wines. (WBI)
Variety characteristics Very good basal fertility, increased susceptibility to viruses
history Norbert Becker used the parent varieties Merzling as mother and Gm 6493 as father to cross this variety, which was crossed in 1964 by Professor V. Kraus in what was then Czechoslovakia from the Zarya Severa x Muskat-Ottonel grape varieties. In the case of the crossings by Prof. V. Kraus from 1964, he erroneously researched the Saperawi Severni grape variety as the father variety for the seedlings population, which had only received the designation Gm 6493 in Geisenheim. A differentiated follow-up research by N. Becker's successor, Volker Joerger, together with colleagues from the Geisenheim Research Institute, was able to show the error and true parenthood has now been clarified in specialist circles since 2003. However, these findings could not be included in the 13th edition of the paperback of grape varieties. • Merzling x (Zarya Severa x Muscat Ottonel) vulgo Gm 6493
Sensory description Sugar accumulation is excellent and the acid is within the average limits even in hot years. The aromatic profile is intense because of the volatile aromatic compounds, mainly because of the glycosides that associate tropical notes such as pineapple and passion fruit. The aromatic full-bodied character is above average with a positive sensory profile and above average structure and comfort. It is suitable for blending with fleurtai for well-structured and balanced wines that are to be consumed after a short period of refinement. It resembles the parent Tocai Friulano.
Variety characteristics White berry variety obtained from the crossing of Tocai Friulano and 20-3. Excellent resistance to downy mildew and good-to-excellent resistance to powdery mildew. Reduced sensitivity to botrytis and acid rot. Excellent resistance to winter temperatures down to -24 ° C. Adaptable to various rank and pruning systems thanks to the high fertility of the basal buds.
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
Sensory description Souvignier Gris can be developed as a neutral, full-bodied, juicy wine type through to distinctly fruity, thiol-influenced wines with stable acidity. (WBI)
Variety characteristics Must weight: 85 - 105° Oe Must acidity: 6.5-8.0 g/l
history The variety was bred in 1983 by Norbert Becker at the State Viticulture Institute in Freiburg. Cabernet Sauvignon (mother) and Bronner (father) were originally assumed as parent varieties. A genome analysis commissioned by the WBI Freiburg in 2019 clearly showed that the mother variety is Seyval Blanc and the father is the Zähringer variety.
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description The wine is strong, from neutral to fruity, often classified between Silvaner and Riesling.
history 1984: Application for variety protection 1985: Application for variety list 1994: Granting of variety protection and entry in the variety list 2000: Classification in the wine-growing regions of Hesse and Bavaria 2022: no longer permitted under seed law
Sensory description Notes of violets and red fruits
Variety characteristics Loose berries, cylindrical grapes with spherical black-blue berries with a scented film. Juicy grapes with colorless pulp and medium-long stems. Malvidin content at 3.5, diglucoside content in the normal range.
history I Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo, già agli inizi del nuovo millennio hanno ritenuto opportuno investire rilevanti risorse per dare risposte certe alle nuove esigenze dei viticoltori e dei consumatori. Per tale motivo nel 2006, all'atto della costituzione dell'Istituto di Genomica Applicata di Udine, ne hanno preso parte come socio finanziatore ed hanno dato corso ad una stretta collaborazione anche con l'Università di Udine ai fini della valutazione dei vari vitigni resistant e alla creazione di nuovi ad uva da vino e da tavola. I Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo sono, in forza di tanto i licenziatari esclusivi delle nuove varietà con l'impegno di e? Ettuarne la di? Usione in tutti i Paesi viticoli ed in primis in Italia, al fine di massimizzare il beneficio economico per i costitutori ovverosia University of Udine and Institute of Genomica Applicata.
history I Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo, già agli inizi del nuovo millennio hanno ritenuto opportuno investire rilevanti risorse per dare risposte certe alle nuove esigenze dei viticoltori e dei consumatori. Per tale motivo nel 2006, all'atto della costituzione dell'Istituto di Genomica Applicata di Udine, ne hanno preso parte come socio finanziatore ed hanno dato corso ad una stretta collaborazione anche con l'Università di Udine ai fini della valutazione dei vari vitigni resistant e alla creazione di nuovi ad uva da vino e da tavola. I Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo sono, in forza di tanto i licenziatari esclusivi delle nuove varietà con l'impegno di e? Ettuarne la di? Usione in tutti i Paesi viticoli ed in primis in Italia, al fine di massimizzare il beneficio economico per i costitutori ovverosia University of Udine and Institute of Genomica Applicata.
Sensory description White grape variety that is suitable for producing fresh and slightly aromatic wines with an early ripening point (such as Chardonnay). Nutty notes and notes of aromatic herbs.
Variety characteristics Compact and cylindrical cluster with shoulder. Spherical berries with a greenish-yellow skin. Juicy grapes with colorless pulp, with short stems.
Sensory description The wine shows a deep red color with violet reflections. Cassis aromas present in the nose as well as the scent of violets, herbs, leather and tobacco. Is close to a Sangiovese wine with a ripe acidity and soft tannins (Freytag).
Variety characteristics Short panicles, thick berry skin, resulting in very good resistance to botrytis. Late maturity about a week after Pinot Noir. The leaves remain deep green and remain until the end of vegetation. Medium growth potential, slightly hanging, produces many stinging shoots, very good wood maturity. Good resistance to downy mildew, oidium and botrytis (Freytag).
Variety characteristics Medium-sized grapes with hard berry skin, good resistance to mushrooms. Very good frost resistance. The wine has a very fine, spicy aroma. Medium maturation period.
Variety characteristics Smaller grape with medium hard berry skin, useful resistance to fungi. Very good frost resistance. The wine has a very fine, spicy aroma. Early maturity.
(SV 12.375 x early red Veltliner) x (Merlot x S 13.666)
Synonyms:
from 2012 entered in the Czech variety list
Origin:
Doz. Miloš Michlovský, Prof. Vilém Kraus, Lubomír Glos, Vlastimil Perina, Dipl. Ing. František Mádl. Moravia
Where to buy:
Sedlo, J. - Ludvíková, I .: Prehled odrud révy 2014, SV CR Velké Bílovice, 175 s.
Sensory description Variety suitable for quality wine, wine is harmonious, yellow-green to yellow, with a fine fruit and flower aroma and with a full, fresh, and fruit variety taste.
Variety characteristics Late ripening (somewhat like Riesling, like Hibernal) white wine grape variety
Sensory description The wines are powerful, full-bodied and with a deep color. Their acidity gives them a nice balance on the palate. The wines are complex, dominated by fruits and spices.
Variety characteristics Good vigor with semi-upright shoot growth, trellises required. Shoot like Gamay, read a week and a half after Gamay. Yield quite high, small berries with good tolerance to botrytis.
Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Vine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
Sensory description The smell and taste of the wines are often reminiscent of white Burgundy wines with a mildly appealing acidity;
Variety characteristics In the vineyard, the VILLARIS grape variety is characterized by its strong, upright growth. The grapes are smaller than their sister variety, the FELICIA variety. They are often bronzed on the side facing the sun and consist of relatively large berries. The wood of the VILLARIS is usually well matured. The white wine variety usually bears two to a maximum of three grapes per shoot. The wines produced from VILLARIS often have low acid levels. As a result, they are often reminiscent of wines made from Burgundy grape varieties. VILLARIS is described as an early-ripening variety and, on average, ripens a little earlier than Müller-Thurgau.
history 1984: crossing 1990ff: selection and testing in the breeding stages 2000: registration for variety protection 2004: granting of variety protection 2005: registration for variety list 2011: entry in variety list
Sensory description The wines are fragrant, smooth, wide and persistent as long as the yield is limited. When the yield is high, the must weight is weak and the acidity is high.
Variety characteristics Strong vigor with upright shoot growth. Yield medium high, poor fertility of the base eyes. Medium-sized berries.
Sensory description On a sensory level, the Volturnis wine is similar to the parent variety Pinot noir. The aromatic profile has intense notes of red ripe fruits reminiscent of black cherries and wild strawberries, which can also be perceived in the aftertaste. The polyphenolic profile is more than excellent for quality, intensity and roundness as well as for the high anthocyanin content. It is beneficial for medium to long matured wines. (VCR Italy)
Variety characteristics Volturnis is an early ripening, resistant red wine variety for the production of quality wine. Excellent resistance to downy mildew, susceptible to powdery mildew as it does not have any of the relative resistance genes. Winter hardiness with resistance down to -20 ° C. Adaptable to different pruning and trellis systems, but achieves the best results on the Guyot trellis. (VCR Italy)
history The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo already considered it sensible at the beginning of the new millennium to invest considerable resources in order to find answers to the new needs of winegrowers and consumers. For this reason, at the time of the establishment of the Institute of Applied Genomics (Istituto di Genomica Applicata, IGA) in Udine in 2006, they participated as a financing partner and also worked closely with the University of Udine to assess the various fungus-resistant vines and new wine - and shoot table grapes. The Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo are in fact the exclusive licensees of the new varieties, with the obligation to distribute them in all wine-growing areas and primarily in Italy, in order to bring economic benefits to breeders such as the University of Udine and the Institute of Applied Sciences Genomics to maximize.
State teaching and research institute for viticulture and fruit growing in Weinsberg
Sensory description The variety produces colorful wines with aromas of forest fruits and cherries. The wines are full-bodied and full-bodied as well as round and warm with a harmonious tannin structure. (Weinsberg)
Variety characteristics Quality variety with easy-care growth habit. Medium to high resistance to downy mildew and oidium. Very high resistance to grape rot due to loose grapes. Yield stable variety. (Weinsberg)
Variety characteristics Medium-sized grapes with firm berry skin, useful resistance to fungi. Good frost resistance. The wine has a very fine, fruity aroma. Medium maturation period.
Variety characteristics Loose grapes with hard berry skin, very good resistance to mushrooms. Good frost resistance. The wine has very fine aromas similar to Zweigelt. No wilt symptoms so far.
Variety characteristics Loose grapes with hard berry skin, very good resistance to mushrooms. Good frost resistance. The wine has very fine aromas similar to Zweigelt. No wilt symptoms so far.
Variety characteristics Loose grapes with hard berry skin, very good resistance to mushrooms. Good frost resistance. The wine has very fine aromas similar to Zweigelt. No wilt symptoms so far.
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